Reconstruction During The Civil War - 864 Words

In hindsight it is sometimes claimed that Reconstruction was a failure. Although there was some good that came out of the Reconstruction it was mostly just a relentless uphill battle against Southerners and immoral politicians that were here to delay change and keep racism alive. Reconstruction brought the Ku Klux Klan who displayed great resistance, and poverty that swept the South once the blacks were freed. The freedom of these black slaves led to discriminatory legislatures such as the Black Codes and the Jim Crow laws to keep the blacks constrained from actually being free. The South was then encountered with corruption and high property taxes, as a rebuild was in order to reestablish the war torn part of the nation. The Ku Klux Klan flourished in the South at the beginning of the Reconstruction succeeding the Civil War. There remained numerous ex-Confederates that were still strongly opposed to the Reconstruction and sought to preserve white supremacy in the South. Directly after the Civil War the government in the South was weak and vulnerable. The Ku Klux Klan leveraged this and used violence and threats to try to reestablish white supremacy. They were most successful in playing upon fears and superstitions. They not only brought terror to the black communities but they also targeted carpetbaggers and scalawags. They used these threats and fears in effectively keeping the blacks away from the polls so that the ex-Confederates could gain back political control in theShow MoreRelatedReconstruction Of Reconstruction During The Civil War883 Words   |  4 Pages Describe and analyze Reconstruction. Did Reconstruction have any successes? The end of civil war in the United States of America brought about many problems, in particular for the South. Some of the problems were political, economic decay and social disorder. The war destroyed the plantations and crops thus causing many to starve to death while others became homeless. The reconstruction became the only hope for the people. Radical reconstruction began in 1867, which enabled the freed black menRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesReconstruction The United States went through many changes after the Civil War and during the Reconstruction period of 1866-1877. Before Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on December, 1863, by John Wilkes, Lincoln announced the first Reconstruction plan a year before the Civil War had ended and Lincoln offered general amnesty to white southerners who would pledge an oath of loyalty to the government and accept the abolition of slavery. During the summer of 1865, Johnson not long after he took officeRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War966 Words   |  4 Pages Reconstruction is a time period after the Civil War ended in 1877. We view it as something that resembles a transformation, shifts in the southern U.S. after the Civil War. This was when slavery inequality, some political, economic, and social issues were, in some ways, balanced. The categories of issues that arose throughout this â€Å"restoration† were aspects such as involving the Confederacy into the Union, abolishing along with figuring out what to do with our free blacks, and addressing conflictRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War972 Words   |  4 PagesThere was a transformation period after the Civil War called the reconstruction during the years 1863 to 1877. The reconstruction was the rebuilding of the United States, mainly in the South. There were three major types of reconstruction, which were political, physical, and social. The political reconstruction allowed some African Americans to vote; however, they had to be literate in order to take the Oath tes t. Not many African Americans knew how to read and write, because they were slaves andRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War1487 Words   |  6 PagesReconstruction was the period when America was figuring out on issues pertaining to who was an American, what rights an American should enjoy and what rights other Americans were exercising. The post bellum period was a period after the civil war that had affected the United States of America. This conflict had mostly taken place in the south and therefore the people there were the for the most part affected by this warfare. After the civil war, racism was still a threat and a struggle for the nationRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War1892 Words   |  8 PagesReconstruction Over the course of America’s existence, it has acquired many successes and failures. Over time there have been a large number of accomplishments that have made the world a greater good, but there have also been phases of turmoil and tragedy. The Reconstruction period after the Civil War is a prime example of a complete failure. The Reconstruction period consisted of many goals and ideas that Americans planned to achieve in their country after being torn apart from the Civil War.Read MoreEducation During Reconstruction During The Civil War918 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Education during Reconstruction† In the south before during and after the reconstruction was a time for educational growth. Many states were just beginning to provide public education. The education system was trialed and errored to become the system that we know today during this era. The civil war brought separation of races but also families, the radical republicans stressed education during the reconstruction to avert the attention of the people from the war and racial issues. BeforeRead MoreThe Reconstruction Era During The Civil War1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reconstruction Era beginning in 1865 marked the period where white men and recently freed African Americans quarreled over the concept of equality on the basis of race as well as where freedom extended to. After the Civil War, there was a power struggle between the Republican and Democratic parties as they had extremely distinct ideas on whether African Americans should be free and hold citizen rights. African Americans were able to achieve citizenship as well as have equality through the 14thRead MoreThe Era Of Reconstruction During The Civil War1630 Words   |  7 Pageswas imposed by the white people. This contradiction is emblematic of the African-American experience. The era of reconstruction was a short-term success, a medium-term failure, and a foundation for the long-term successes of the civil rights movement in terms of black freedom. The era of reconstruction exposed the radical limits of freedom for natural born citizens in the post-civil war United States. The idea of freedom changed in a tremendous way for the blacks. I would like to begin by askingRead MoreThe Legacy Of Reconstruction During The Civil War Essay1254 Words   |  6 Pageshistory. These â€Å"revolutionary movements† have created lasting impressions on the United States that helped mold the nation that it is today. One such movement was Reconstruction. Reconstruction was a time in America consisting of reuniting the country and pulling it from the economic catastrophe that stemmed from the Civil War. The reconstruction era had dealt with three separate plans: the Lincoln Plan, the Johnson Plan and the congressional Plan. These plans, each with their own unique way of unifying

Essay about Report on Cross-Cultural Management - 1127 Words

Future of Management Principles of Management Table of Contents iii. Executive Summary iv. Introduction iv. The Contemporary Perspective v. Issues and Challenges vii. Recommendations based on Management Perspective vii. Summary viii. Bibliography Executive Summary This paper is a report on cross-cultural management, with the issues related to cross-cultural management being discussed in the paper. Additionally, the report has produced the future way of cross-cultural management, including how it can be improved in offices relying much on this strategic approach. Diversity of Cross-Cultural Management Introduction In the beginning of globalization, organizations have started redefining their approaches of management.†¦show more content†¦Managers were concerned about knowing and understanding each and every perspective of their employee’s cultures. As they know that without studying or knowing the culture, coordination cannot be built between the employees. It is the existing perspective of managers dealing with cross-cultural management (Sultana, 2013). Issues and Challenges The most recent studies in cross-cultural management reveal that the culture is a very expansive subject for organizations to study, especially for organizations, which hire the most diverse workforce. One definition of a diverse workforce could be as the one, which comes from different ethnic and demographic backgrounds (Plessis, 2011). For studying culture of the diverse workforce, there are two parts to study, the implicit and the explicit culture. The explicit culture includes behavior while the implicit part involves norms and values of individuals (Guang Trotter, 2012). The explicit culture is already known when workers stay and work in a firm for a length of time, but the most difficult is to understand the implicit culture which is obscured in form of norms and values of the workers. Due to the differences of cultures, workers hold a great potential of variance, variety in terms of their explicit and implicit parts of the culture. TheShow MoreRelatedCross Border Merger And Acquisition1477 Words   |  6 PagesKomalpreet Kaur Sandhu May 21, 2016 Professor Mitchell Marks Cross-Border Merger and Acquisition INTRODUCTION Cross-border merger and acquisition refer to acquiring a company in another country. In the cross-border merger, companies combine their assets and liabilities into a new entity, whereas, the cross-border acquisition is a transformation process of assets and liabilities of the local company to foreign company (foreign investors). Cross-border merger and acquisition involve two countries, thereforeRead MoreCross Border Mergers And Acquisitions1407 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Cross-border mergers and acquisitions refer to acquiring a company in another country. In the cross-border merger, companies combine their assets and liabilities into a new entity, whereas, the cross-border acquisition is a transformation process of assets and liabilities of the local company to foreign company (foreign investors). Cross-border mergers and acquisitions involve two countries; therefore, the country of the acquiring company is known as home country, whereas, countriesRead MoreCultural Analysis On The University Of Waikato Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Intelligence, or CQ (Cultural Quotient) as it is sometimes called is the degree to which you can function effectively across a variety of cultural contexts (Livermore, 2010). As globalization has rendered the business environment more complex and competitive, the ability to function effectively in different cultural contexts, has never been more important. This report examines the ability of students, of the Un iversity of Waikato to function effectively with fellow students from differentRead MoreCultural Intelligence1554 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Intelligence Cultural Quotient is the organizational psychology and management theory, and it is all about the continuous learning and aptitude to develop personally through this learning. The differences in the intercultural do remains in the momentous challenge stage in all multinational organizations. Hence to face the challenge there is a need of a new domain of astuteness which immense relevance to the era of escalating globalization and the workplace diverse. For every manager whoRead MoreA Reflective Report on Interpersonal Management1150 Words   |  5 PagesReflective Report on Interpersonal Management Skills Module Code: 7BSP1010 Course: Interpersonal Management Skills 1 Tutor: Helen MacKinlay Student Name: XU ZHANGYONG Student Number: 13030219 Words: 1046 December 26th 2014 The purposes of this essay is to analyse the improtances of Interpersonal management skills for successful management, and to reflect on a verbal interpersonal cultural based difference people have personally experienced and how develop the cross cultural awareness forRead MoreThe Construction Industry599 Words   |  3 Pagesbeen criticized for its poor performance. After major reports such as Latham (1994) and Egan (1998), major studies are carried out in different procurement routes, management system and technique and construction method. Beyond these, it has been suggested, that ‘softer’ factors such as organisational culture also have a significant impact on performance (Nicolini, 2002). The concept of organisation culture is a popular part of general management since early 1980s. But in construction industry withRead MoreWork Style Survey On Decision Making Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pagesworking in this position? 4) How many important decisions have you made? 5) How important was the decision affect on the company? 6) How many different decisions have you came up with? 7) Have you studied or worked overseas? How long? 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(2009), â€Å"Exploring the Link between Emotional Intelligence and Cross-Cultural Leadership Effectiveness†, Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, Vol. 1, Feb. 2009, pp. 1 – 13. Introduction Along with the globalization of business, many corporations are facing the challenge of operating in a different culture. The writers made a connection between emotional intelligence and cross-cultural leadership effectiveness to deal with this situation, this article also presentedRead MoreCross Cultural Communication Skills And Communication1318 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This paper will give a brief overview and then analyze the different cross cultural communication skills, including; oral, written, formal, informal, verbal and non verbal. It will then compare and contrast two focus areas of cross culture communication; culture and ethics. This paper will then conclude its findings Brief overview of cross-cultural communication skills Oral communication is transmitted through speech. It includes personal conversations, speeches, meetings, telephone

However Fahn Free Essays

However, the street celebrations that accompanied the British and French declaration of war gives historians the impression that the move was popular and politicians tend to go with the popular mood. Was much done to avoid the start of the war? By 1914, Europe had divided into two camps. The Triple Alliance was Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. We will write a custom essay sample on However Fahn or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Triple Entente wasBritain, France and Russia. The alliance between Germany and Austria was natural. Both spoke the same language – German – and had a similar culture. In previous centuries, they had both been part of the same empire – the Holy Roman Empire. Austria was in political trouble in the south-east of Europe – the Balkans. She needed the might of Germany to back her up if trouble got worse. Italy had Joined these countries as sne teared their power on ner northern border. Germany was mainland Europe’s most powerful country – so from Italy’s point of view, being an ally of Germany was an obvious move. Each member of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria nd Italy) promised to help the others if they were attacked by another country. The Triple Entente was less structured than the Triple Alliance. Entente† means understanding and the members of the Entente (Britain, France and Russia) did not have to promise to help the other two if they got attacked by other countries but the understanding was that each member would support the others – but it was not fixed. France was suspicious of Germany. She had a huge army but a poor navy. Britain had the world’s most powerful naw and a small a rmy. France and Britain Joining together in an understanding was natural. Britain was also concerned about Germany because she was building up a new and powerful navy. The inclusion of Russia seemed odd when Russia was so far from France and Britain. However, Russia’s royal family, the Romanovs, was related to the British Royal Family. Russia also had a huge army and with France on the west of Europe and Russia on the east, the ‘message’ sent to Germany was that she was confronted by two huge armies on either side of her borders. Therefore, it was not a good move by Germany to provoke trouble in Europe – that was the hoped for message sent out by the Triple Entente. Certain specific problems also helped to create suspicion throughout Europe. The first was Germany’s fear of the huge British Empire. By 1900, Britain owned a quarter of the world. Countries such as Canada, India, South Africa, Egypt, Australia and New Zealand were owned by Britain as part of the British Empire. Queen Victoria had been crowned Empress of India. Huge amounts of money were made from these colonies and Britain had a powerful military presence in all parts of the world. The Empire was seen as the status symbol of a country that was the most powerful in the world. Hence Britain’s title â€Å"Great Britain†. Germany clearly believed that a sign of a great power was possession of overseas colonies. The ‘best’ had already been taken by Britain but Germany resolved to gain as much colonial territory as possible. Her main target was Africa. She colonised territory in southern Africa (now Namibia) which no-one really wanted as it was useless desert but it did create much anger in London as Germany’s new territories were near South Africa with its huge diamond and gold reserves. In reality, Germany’s African colonies were of little economic importance but it gave her the opportunity to demonstrate to the German people hat she had Great Power status even if this did make relations with Britain more fragile than was perhaps necessary for the economic returns Germany got from her colonies. A second issue that caused much friction between Britain and Germany was Germany’s desire to increase the size of her navy. Britain accepted that Germany, as a large land-based country, needed a large army. But Germany had a very small coastline and Britain coul d not accep na Germany needed a large navy. Postcard from 1912 of the Spithead review of Britain’s Navvy Britain concluded that Germany’s desire to increase the size of her naw was to hreaten Britain’s naval might in the North Sea. The British government concluded that as an island we needed a large naw and they could not accept any challenges from Germany. As a result, a naval race took place. Both countries spent vast sums of money building new warships and the cost soared when Britain launched a new type of battleship – the Dreadnought. Germany immediately responded by building her equivalent. Such a move did little to improve relations between Britain and Germany. All it did was to increase tension between the two nations. How to cite However Fahn, Papers

Poetry in motion speach Essay Example For Students

Poetry in motion speach Essay My first image is of a street protest with the banner We ant drink money and refers to the poetic line, so much so that I am now nothing but bones. The reason I have chosen this image is to show that coal seam gas production may pollute the water that we drink. The man in the poem, Mr.. Dollar, is also affected by the decisions made by wealthy people, including the franking companies that exploit their workers and the country in general. The bones is a metaphor for loss of health and self-esteem associated with the scramble for money and, in terms of the franking companies, the exploitation of the earths resources. Franking is a process here chemicals and water are pumped into the earth causing cracks through which natural gas can escape and be harnessed for energy. The second image, of the fistful of dollars, is associated with the line of poetry, He is more powerful than the government. This image I have chosen is a telling reminder of the power of the almighty dollar and its power to persuade. The personification of the dollar in he puts the power of money above that of prime ministers, who should represent the highest power in the country. In terms of coal seam gas production, the dollars present the corruption within governments who are prepared to risk the lives and environments of its citizens. The third image is to represent the line of poetry, he opens their mouths and they speak with authority. I chose this image to portray the irony of their authority, in that they are merely puppets of a higher order, the wealthy. This is similar to the experience of spokespeople for franking companies whose voices are muted. The metaphor, he opens their mouths they must tell lies in order to survive. Their authority another metaphor is nil. The fourth image, presenting the truth and consequences of franking, was chosen to represent the line He sweetens their tongues. This image shows that when people drink the water and they breathe in the polluted air they may get diseases or deformities. The polluted earth in the image is also destroying animals, people and plant habitats. A different perspective is shown in the fifth image of the Greens party symbol. This illustrates the opposition to the franking companies by earth friendly political parties. The final image is a representation of the power Mr.. Dollar has over determining where franking will occur. Although it seems communities have a voice in reference to their concerns for family community and environment, the choice remains that of the multi-billion corporations. Depicted in the poem as But he is stronger than me. Predictably the choice falls into the hands of these wealthy, strong, powerful corporations because they are holding all of the cards (money). In conclusion the poem reflects on the experiences and challenges faced daily by communities, which have been affected by greed and corruption from corporations and other powerful public figures we are asked to trust.

Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in Egypt

Introduction People relocate to new residences with the intent of attaining diverse goals. Evidently, such persons may relocate within their countries or cross their nation’s boundaries. Diverse repercussions often exemplify the livelihoods of citizenry who relocate to a novel environment as illustrated in the paper. It is imperative to acknowledge that Immigration connotes people’s relocation to diverse nations with the intent of enhancing their livelihoods. Interestingly, immigrants may move willingly or relocate since the situation in their countries may be dire.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Notably, professional immigrants engage in work processes after their willful relocation. Additionally, immigrants who reposition regularly often become refugees i n the novel nations. Emigration connotes abandoning one’s own nation of birth thus moving to another country. This rearrangement assumes a permanent dimension thus depriving the origin nations, the necessary expertise that can spur progress. Migration connotes the movement of a person from their entity of origin or part of a nation to another with the intent of engaging in diverse activities. Concurrently, migration focuses on temporary change of residence. It is remarkable that these movements culminate in diverse benefits and drawbacks to a nation or her citizens. This paper investigates the effects of these movements on religion, women, and minority entities in Egypt Overview of Migration, Immigration, and Emigration in Egypt Apparently, shifts in locations by individuals in Egypt have been evident for decades. It emerges that emigration rates continue to escalate as evident in the last four decades. Initially, legal restrictions controlled rates of emigration to curb magn animous numbers of professionals who preferred Western countries. Egypt’s adoption of her 1971 constitution, spiraling fuel prices, and augmenting requirements for the migrant workforce elicited monumental emigration from Egypt (Sika, 2010). It is notable that most emigrants still head to Western countries. Sources establish that migration to Europe is increasing. However, this process culminates in an unbalanced nature of migrants. It is evident that Egypt hosts massive numbers of migrant workforce. Similarly, the country amasses huge proportions of immigrant registered as displaced and asylum seekers from diverse countries. Interestingly, the refugees house Palestinians uprooted from their habitats during the 1948 hostilities (Sika, 2010). Further, refugees dominating Egypt emanate from â€Å"Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, and Eritrea† (UNFPA, 2011). It is also outstanding to mention that emigration to Europe is attributable to gender equity and elevated skill levels aris ing from professionals.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, relocation to Arab countries encompassed massive proportions of males with minimal training and diminished skill levels thus seeking employment (Sika, 2010). Likewise, the proliferating immigrants hardly obtain opportunities to add value to Egypt’s progress because of their dire situation. Gender equilibrium among immigrants appears inclined on women, youngsters, and the old. This emanates from the notion that, men and young boys participate in the hostile tendencies. The diverse models of movements generate concerns as regards to religion, women, and minorities in Egypt (UNFPA, 2011). Certain movements appear to escalate because of conflicts, which result from doctrine aggressions. It is evident that movements into and outside Egypt present diverse challenges to women together with minority groups (Sika, 2010). Impact of Religion in Egypt Evidently, Egyptians have historically followed Islamic decrees at expansive lengths. This has led to the sustainable peace in Egypt. Migration occurred due to the search for employment in other countries. This has persisted over decades leading to the social revolt. This calls for initiation of employment opportunities (Christian Today, 2011). The revolt facilitated President’s Mubarak defeat and subsequent ousting from power. Prior to Mubarak’s defeat, slight religious conflicts continued silently. The vacuum led to open religious inconsistencies, which competed to fill the emptiness. Muslim Brotherhood’s together with Salifists battle for supremacy thus the need to gain power. This necessitated attacks on the Christian minority groups (Mnnonline, 2011). Muslims engage Christians in conflicts because they appear unhappy with Christian followers. It emerges that religion contribute to present conflicts in Egypt thus nec essitating migration. Egypt Ethic Make up and Christian Minorities Magnanimous proportions of Egypt’s population include Eastern Hamatic tribal groups. They comprise of native Egyptians, Berbers together with Bedouins (MacDonald, Marshall Cavendish Corporation Paren et al., 2000). Apparently, this group contains tribes emanating from interactions of native Egyptians with diverse groups from Africa and other regions. Remaining population component contains minorities including Greeks, Europeans, and Nubians (MacDonald et al., 2000). The Nubians appear to have integrated within the Egyptian Arabs eventually adopting their culture. Nevertheless, certain minor groups within the Nubians still practice their indigenous Nubian cultures. Arabs entering marriages with other visitors declined immensely tensioning cultural interaction. The diverse religious groups also display certain differences. Muslims form the utmost component of Egypt population with Christians only accounting for at least ten percent of inclusive population. All Muslims hold to the Sunni decrees thus enabling their continued loyalty to Islam (MacDonald et al., 2000). Migration has contributed to expansive interaction thus augmenting the minority populations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Muslims expansively engage Christian minorities in confrontations, which eventually necessitate migration. Muslim mobs execute attacks on the minority Christians by torching churches. It appears the violence advanced by Muslims escalated after social defeat of President Mubarak (Mnnonline, 2011). Muslims declared hostility on the Christians who converted their faith diverting from Islam. Reports show magnanimous Muslim population will continue their interest to terminate the lives of most Chri stians. This religious hostility appears to emanate from the Muslim Brotherhood’s notion of seeking power under the novel Egypt (Christian Today, 2011). Similarly, Salafists religious group also battles to gain control of Egypt. The warring factions present potentially inconceivable pressure on minority Christians. This has necessitated huge flows of Christians from Egypt to seek protection (Mnnonline, 2011). Societal Issues Migration affects women and young girls confronted with the challenges, which emanate from such occurrences. Monumental numbers of women regularly involved in these movements exude reproduction abilities (UNFPA, 2011). They confront challenges such as raising their youngsters in an unfamiliar environment, which avails little amenities necessary for reproduction. Most women emigrants also face hardship while working, in various sectors to attain income. The less skilled of them also appear to work under dehumanizing environment, which affects them psycholo gically. Further, trafficking of women and young girls also affects them negatively (UNFPA, 2011). They regularly end up suffering because of the activities their hosts engage them into executing. In most instances, women suffer diverse abuses including physical, sexual, and emotional. Traffickers force women into drugs, arranged transgressions, prostitution, tourism marriages, child sex, and unpaid wages (UNFPA, 2011). It is worth commenting that immigrant young women also forfeit schooling due to their refugee status. Furthermore, many women fail to attain their dreams and potentially successful ones never realize their potential. Underage women regularly confront enormous challenges, which apparently may cease by attaining autonomy. Immigrants into Egypt have advanced globalization in diverse ways. It is notable that the European expatriates offer diverse knowledge thus facilitating Egypt’s progress. Further, their investments within Egypt address unemployment concerns, wh ich plague Egypt.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Diverse job openings are manifest, thus allowing skilled and knowledgeable Egyptians to attain employment thus enhancing livelihoods. Cultural interactions observed amid Arabs and exotic groups have apparently led to the establishment of generations (MacDonald et al., 2000). Intermarriages between Egyptians and diverse groups facilitate unity among races. It is outstanding to comment that immigration has elevated the Christianity following in Egypt. Though still the marginal, Christianity appears to escalate as magnanimous populations switch from Islam. In deed, this progress angers Muslim Brotherhood since they have noted the pace at which Christian religion spreads in Egypt. Similarly, migration integrates fiscal marketplaces thus massive population attains satisfaction through accessing diverse items, which are exotic to their regions. Societies emerge as greater beneficiaries because of migration incidences. Notably, migration culminates in diverse economic benefits to Egyptâ₠¬â„¢s economy. These originate from the remittances made by citizens residing in other regions. Sources indicate that the funds sent home escalates Egypt’s economic stability (Sika, 2010). It is outstanding to reiterate that professionals migrating to other countries often give rise to brain drain. This reduces the pace of Egypt’s development because of diminished expertise and human resource. Government spending on refugees also appears to increase (Sika, 2010). This results from the augmenting population of immigrants needing government attention. Conclusion In summary, Egypt has experiences assorted consequences of migration. Emigration has escalated the remittances gained from citizens residing overseas. Further, emigration has culminated in augmented suffering amid Egyptian citizens working in the Gulf nations. Immigration has generated increased population of refugees, which necessitates government commitment with the intent of sustaining their existence. It has also resulted to women and young girls facing exploitation by traffickers. Religion and its related inconsistencies appear to have affected the present conflicts. Minority Christians remain the most affected by warring Muslim Brotherhood seeking to fill the leadership vacuum. This was created after President Mubarak’s removal from control. References Christian Today. (2011). Bishop and Baroness Warn of Rising Violence against Christians in Egypt. Maars News. Web. MacDonald, F. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. Paren, E. Shillington, K. et al (2000).  Peoples of Africa, Volume 10. New York, NY: Marshall Cavendish. Mnnonline. (2011). U. S. Religious Freedom Head Silent on Egypt. Maars News. Web. Sika, N. (2010). Highly Skilled Migration Patterns and Development: The Case of Egypt. Web. UNFPA. (2011). Migration: Egypt. Web. This research paper on Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in Egypt was written and submitted by user Julieta Dudley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Effects of Shortage Curing world war 2 on irish retailer essays

The Effects of Shortage Curing world war 2 on irish retailer essays The Effects of Shortage during World War 2 on Irish Retailers When war first came to Europe in September 1939, Taoiseach Eamon de Valera reshuffled his cabinet. A new department, the Department of Supplies, was established under Sean Lemass. It was given the task on ensuring that Ireland would continue to have sufficient supplies of raw materials, food and fuel throughout the war. John A. Murphy states that "Keeping things going rather than making progress became the economic keynote of the war years". And kept things going they did, but not without hardship, suffered particularly by Irish retailers. Before the war, the Department of Industry and Commerce outlined in a memorandum to the Taoiseach, the effect of a European war on Ireland's economy. The document pointed out that the United Kingdom provided 50% of the country's imports and the market for no less than 90% of Eire's exports. A high proportion of the imports consisted of essential supplies which Ireland could not supply itself. Only 5% of the shipping tonnage entering Irish ports in 1938 was Irish owned, the British owned 64%. Robert Fisk called this "a crippling economic dependence for a neutral to owe any nation involved in hostilities". There was a large increase in the amount of tonnage being sunk as a direct result of the defeat of France by Germany in June 1940. This rapidly manifested itself in shortages, from which Ireland, its neutrality notwithstanding, was not immune. Suddenly the shortages began to bite. Rationing facts and figures paragraph needed here. The rationing and shortages caused a deluge of problems for retailers and there were much reduced profit margins on a number of essential items.reduced profit figures Inspectors from the Department of Supplies were given "draconian powers" to deal with retailers who broke the rules. Patrick J. O'Connell, a grocer from Kimmage, was severely punished when he charged 4d. for a pound of flakemeal ...

Portfolio Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Portfolio Assignment - Essay Example One other significant element that I have gained from the course this semester is about communication. Insights on emerging modes of communication such as social media have been very fundamental in helping me understand how to use such media for business purposes. In my final assignment this semester, I believe I deserve to get an A grade for my results because of my performance in various home works and class assignments. I believe I have worked hard enough throughout the semester to warrant such a grade, given the fact that I have endeavored to apply everything that I have learnt in the classes into the various assignments that we have done. Most of the assignments and homework that I did were both fascinating and motivating at the same time. I, therefore, tried to give it my best shot hoping for the best results possible. The assignment about the heartwarming coca-cola life commercial, for instance, was one of the best assignments that I wrote this semester. This assignment related to the issue of advertising, an area of business operations that I am fascinated about. The assignment on heartwarming Coca-cola Life Commercial is one of the best assignments that I did in the course of the semester. The analysis of this commercial helped me to conceptualize my final major assignment of the semester. Through this assignment, I was able to get many insights that will be fundamental in completing my major assignment. The advert has many elements including repetition, binary opposition, and anomalies. Repetition, which occurs on many occasions in the commercial, for instance, can be seen when the couples hug each other repeatedly. Binary opposition comes out in the relationship between the child and adults in the commercial. Some instances of anomalies in the commercial include the scene where the child eats the dog and sleeping in the kennel. The journal

Visual Arts and Film Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Visual Arts and Film Studies - Essay Example This is in view that people would understand fully their roles and take up responsibilities as expected of them. This would have the effect of reducing friction and misunderstandings among people and eventually strengthen the social fabric that links people together. However, it is not all about cinemas having a socially conscious message (Russell, 2009). Overtime, people have been driven by a need to reproduce cinemas for commercial reasons a move that has diluted the messages passed on by these films. It thus calls for people to be overly conscious of the messages they perceive from these films as it is not always about positive messages. In fact, some have been seen to produce messages that are in great contrast with the values and beliefs of people. Such films upset society and are marginally responsible for the high levels of delinquency witnessed in society and at times they may be blamed for the complacency and ignorance of basic social norms by youths (Turner, 1999). Reference to youths is not accidental but is a connotation which seeks to point out the most affected group by the emerging films some of which leaves them worse of morally. This comes from the fact that this group is the most targeted group by filmmakers and at the same time it is the most active in watching films. Unfortunately, the group seems to perceive negative messages more than they perceive messages that have some social relevance. To examine further the social role of cinema/films, this study adopts an objective approach. It explores the film’s social impact by looking at three films; The Italian (2005), Pixote (1981) and NEDS (2010). It looks at the themes propagated by these films and particularly those of social realism and the representation of children as a social symbol. Attention will also be given to representation of crime, delinquency, and evil in the films. The assignment will hope to draw enough resources to substantiate information gathered from these primary resources in an endeavor to produce a complete and thorough representation of the social function of cinema. The three films have some common themes but the way they eventually deliver their message is different. They take us through the lives of innocent souls, children, who in their tender ages have to contend with tough choices and decisions only to guarantee their survival and existence in a rather brutal world. For instance, The Italian illustrates a child’s effort to get reunited with the par ents. It illuminates on the rather unobserved role of children as home makers and the fabric which holds the family together. The second film, Pixote, illuminates the harsh reality on the streets. It represents a course that few choose to talk about; street life that turns children into brutal beings. It also shows the rather ugly side of unconcerned societal members who do not care about what they lead children into. When children eventually become delinquent, they turn against them forgetting their role in making them what they are (Smidt, 2006). The last film, NEDS, shifts focus into the very basic unit of the society, the family, as the molding block of our children and the many faults within this unit that eventually lead rather focused individuals astray. Section I The Italian The Italian is a film directed by Andrei

Marketing Research Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Research Report - Essay Example Consumer awareness on healthy products have therefore changed perceptions and hence buyer behaviour. As a result, businesses have to change their strategies and offer consumers diet food products, as they are commonly known. Tesco PLC has been on a campaign to ensure that it supplies diet products on its shelves. However, as a marketing objective it is important to examine the customer feedback regarding their healthy food products. This study, therefore, examines the extent to which Tesco’s dietary food products have faired on in the market concerning approval ratings of the supermarket chain’s customers. Background The twenty first century business environment has been dynamic especially in the area of consumer behaviour and the availability of awareness information. The views of the general population have been changing with regards to issues of climate change, environmental sustainability and healthy living (Nielsen, Siega-Riz and Popkin, 2002). Consequently, attitu des result into concerted actions by individuals who are consumers in the various markets (Mattes, 2009). On the other hand, with globalization, competition has been rife among enterprises and therefore creating a shift to the issue of customer service performance excellence. In effect, any organization that is able to satisfy its customers through provision of quality products and services will continue to dominate markets. It is therefore important for supermarket chains like Tesco to constantly evaluate their quality objectives so that they are guaranteed of repeat purchases and attraction of new customers. Research has indicated that more households purchase behaviour on food products is dictated by the healthy nature of the products (Ottinger et al., 2003; Hartung and Rovida., 2009). This has raised the stakes for any organization that has been involved in the production and supply of food products. Research objectives To assess the perception of customers towards diet food pro ducts To examine the levels of customer satisfaction on Tesco’s diet food products To identify the demographic characteristics of customers favouring diet food products To predict the future trends in demand for diet food products in the United Kingdom To find out the desirable features in diet food products relative to alternative products Methodology The research will depend on a quantitative design for the investigation of the main variable. The use of quantitative techniques will therefore be employed to help attain the stated study objectives. The study will involve a number of data collection methods. This is to ensure that the studied phenomenon is closely investigated for a more reliable and accurate outcome. First will be the use of questionnaires as discussed in section 2. Secondly, the study will use observation method to closely examine the characteristics or features of the dietary food products and the information provided. Since purchase behaviour is also obser vable in the shelves, direct observation will appropriate. In addition, interviewing will be used in cases where further clarification may be required. The customers as well as retail managers will be investigated on the most popular diet products used currently. To be able to closely investigate the participants and get in depth opinion on the issue under study, the research will also use video recording, written notes or stenography. The instruments are for the purposes of obtaining clarity

Spotify The Way Forward Information Technology Essay

Spotify The Way Forward Information Technology Essay Peer-to-peer file swapping websites are becoming increasingly popular across the world as the next generation of the music sharing industry is developed. Peer-to-peer networking allows users to connect with each other to search for and share information. This information is decentralized, it does not require a central database server to search for locations of music files, it requires the use of peer-to-peer client software. The client software needs to be installed on users local machines (nodes), which then gather information on media files available for sharing and stores the information into a catalogue. When the user searches for media files the client software connects to other nodes across the networks (called hops) which search their catalogues, and this process continues. If a positive result occurs the client software connects directly with the peer that has the file and the media will be transferred. Users of the network can be both a supplier (information provider) and a consumer (information requester), the user can connect with multiple users all with the required resource, as the files transfer they can also be forwarded onto further users requesting the same files, saving time. Advantages of peer-to-peer include the ease of setting up, the speed of transfer of information, large numbers of peers can be contacted quickly, the network is not vulnerable to failure as there is such a wide spread of data not reliant on one centralized source. However disadvantages can include the potential for bugs and viruss during installation of client software, data is less secure, the provider may not be reliable and you may be breaching copyright and licensing laws. Peer-to-peer can be inefficient as its unknown which peers have the required information, a large number of hops can occur in a short space of time, potentially clogging the networks, but they will not be indefinite as a time to live countdown is in place which decreases with each hop until reaching zero at which point the search will end. A new internet music website is taking the industry by storm called Spotify, the site differs to normal peer-to-peer sites, you cant buy (or download) free music, but you can create a playlist or collection of your favourite songs to listen to just as you would on a radio station. Also there is an option to create or join collaborative playlists that are independent from the site and shared via websites, these can be added to by individual users. The tracks come with some advertisements between songs. A daily advert free listening package is an option for a small fee, or by subscribing monthly it can be entirely free of advertisements. Because there is no downloading of files Spotify is fast to use. It has a vast collection of songs, artists and albums. This is makes it very popular, however it has recently been forced to remove thousands of songs by the record labels who maintain control of what can be played where. Spotify argue that because tracks are only being listened to this could reduce the desire to illegally download and limit piracy. Spotify has recently released an Application Programing Interface (API) which it hopes will spread through other media devices such as gaming consoles, mobile phones and other media devices. An API is a way for website or service to talk to another website or service. APIs let you mix information and media from other services into your own site or application. (Wibbels 2009) The API is a set of predefined programming behaviour that Spotify have developed, which they can release to programmers to enable them to develop their own products to incorporate Spotify. This enables the company to reach out to many new users with a broad range of devices, for example an Apple iphone user may discover an application for Spotify to download to his device, having not previously heard of the service. In recent months a mobile device HTC Hero has become available with Spotify included. The Spotify subscription is paid in with the device contract, effectively seeming that the mobile device is giving free access to songs. With around 40,000 new users a day signing up to Spotify, there is no doubting its popularity, however does this imply that if free music is available then users will not need to make a music purchase again? There are mixed reviews, some alleged music pirates say they dont need to download illegally now, Spotify meets all their needs, other users are saying they will never buy music again. On the other hand some people are using Spotify to listen to music before going to purchase, on a try before you buy basis. It seems that Spotify is proving very useful for a wide spread of users. I think the release of the API will, as in the case of the HTC Hero device, spread the word of Spotify even further, however because of the ongoing problems with the music industry and copyright and licensing issues potential manufacturers of new devices need to move with caution, if licensing laws were favourable to the music industry and caused the demise of Spotify, with no API a lot of devices could potentially be useless. To conclude, I think that Spotify could be very successful in the future, the main barrier being its lack of support from the music industry. If more support, trust and guidance was provided by record and marketing companies then perhaps we would see developments of a more secure data transfer system, removing the chances of bugs and viruss for the users. The programing and network system on which it is based could prove to be the future of all online music sharing. I believe that this approach to the industry is a way forward, however I believe the software developers have a responsibility to behave ethically and responsibly so not to infringe the rights of all involved in the music industry. [989 words] Bibliography Spotify Ltd (2007 2010) About Spotify Available from http://www.spotify.com/uk/about/what/ Accessed 7th May 2010 Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia (9th May 2010) Peer-to-Peer Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer Accessed 12th May 2010 Kayne (2010) What is P2P? Available from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-p2p.htm Accessed 12th May 2010 uCertify (2008) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a peer-to-peer network? Available from http://www.ucertify.com/article/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-a-peer-to-peer-network.html Accessed 17th May 2010 Johnson B and Arthur C (2009) Spotify opens doors to UK as record industry slams them shut. Available from http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/feb/11/digitalmusic-downloads Accessed 23rd May 2010 Johnson (2009) Spotify plots launch of new API. Available from http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2009/apr/06/spotify-to-launch-api Accessed 23rd May 2010

Descartes :: essays research papers

Foundation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Descartes Meditation VI Of the existence of material things, and of the real distinction between the real soul and body of man, he explains he reasoning for believing that the mind is better known than any body. Descartes states his reasoning through various assumptions that he has made in his search for knowledge. Descartes is a philosopher, who through thinking comes to these conclusions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the reading of Descartes he interprets his understanding of how and why the mind is better known than the body. He states that, â€Å"Myself in my entirety in as much as I am formed of body and soul (mind) taught by nature, sun, stars, and sky. Descartes realized that he could learn things from his body. Things like pain if he touches a flame or pleasure if he drinks a cup of wine. With senses Descartes could see textures and beautiful landscapes. This made Descartes realize that from this generalization that he has made, what he learns from his body does not exceed what he already knows in his mind. I think Descartes point is well made in his quote above. I come to understand this though, through the fact that the minds common sense is what tells me I should not touch a flame, because of the pain it will bring me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through Descartes studies of himself, he also came to the conclusion that, â€Å"†¦Mind alone, not mind and body in conjunction, is a requisite to a knowledge of the truth in regard to such things.†(376) He explains this premise with the analogy, â€Å"†¦Although stars make no larger an impression on my eye than the flame of a little candle there is yet in me no real or positive propensity impelling me to believe that it is not greater than the flame; but I have judged it to be from my earliest years, without any rational foundation.† This analogy interprets that, just because there is no direct effect upon his the body or physical senses it does not mean that nothing exists. The mind is more important to think and realize the possibilities even though his body cannot sense them. So even though the flame looks the same size as the star his mind know it in fact is not. I can only understand so much of this statement by Descartes. I understan d that that his mind can differentiate the star from the star, but this is not preconceived knowledge given to him at birth.

Coca-Cola Management Strategy

Assessment 1 Case Study Report of Coca Cola Company Hang LU S81293 Executive Summary The Coca-Cola Company (NYSE:  KO) is the world's largest beverage company, largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups in the world and is one of the largest corporations in the United States. The company is best known for its flagship product Coca-Cola, invented by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in 1886. The Coca-Cola formula and brand was bought in 1889 by Asa Candler who incorporated The Coca-Cola Company in 1892. Besides its namesake Coca-Cola beverage, Coca-Cola currently offers nearly 400 brands in over 200 countries or territories and serves 1. 6 billion servings each day. [4] The company operates a franchised distribution system dating from 1889 where The Coca-Cola Company only produces syrup concentrate which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold an exclusive territory. The Coca-Cola Company is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Its stock is listed on the NYSE and is part of DJIA and S 500. Its current chairman and CEO is Muhtar Kent. CONTENTS Introduction Company Background Mission and Vision Goals The Competitive Advantage of Coca-Cola Brands Five Forces Analysis Intensity of the Competitive Forces Generic Business Strategy Conclusion Introduction Coca-Cola has sold more than one billion servings every day. More than 10,450 beverages are consumed every second. It is present on all seven continents and is recognized by 94% of the world population. Coca-Cola grow from its humble roots as a home-brewed Georgia-based patent medicine to be the international soft drink powerhouse today. Coca-Cola used many technologies to achieve its rise to the top of the soft drink industry, defining new technologies and establishing paradigms that popped the status quo like a cap from a soda bottle. Through technology, Coca-Cola perfected Coke as a beverage and spread it throughout the world. Even today, the US soft drink industry is organized on this principle. â€Å"The Coca-Cola Company† is now the largest soft drink company in the world with products that include Coca- Cola, Diet Coke, Sprite, and Fanta etc.. It is employing about 71,000 people worldwide in over 200 countries. Coke produces about 400 brands consisting of over 2. 600 beverage products, such as water, juice and juice drinks, sports drinks, energy drinks, teas, and coffees. Coke products are distributed though restaurants, grocery market, street vendors, and others, all of which sell to the end users: consumers, who consume in excess of 1. 4 billion servings daily. Company Background The Coca-Cola Company is now the largest soft drink company in the world. Coca- Cola became the largest manufacturer, distributor, and marketer of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups which operate in more than 200 countries. Coca- Cola was invented on May 1886 by Dr. John Stith Pemberton in Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia. The name Coca-Cola was suggested by Pemberton's book-keeper, Frank Robinson. He penned the name Coca-Cola in the flowing script that is famous today. Vision & Mission Coca-Cola has been marketed with catching marketing themes such as â€Å"Drink Coca- Cola† and â€Å"Delicious and Refreshing†. After years of globalization and brand building, Coca-Cola proudly pronounces its Mission Statement â€Å"The Coca-Cola Company exists to benefit and refresh everyone who is touched by our business†. And their goals: The basic proposition of our business is simple, solid and timeless. When we bring refreshment, value, joy and fun to our stakeholders, then we successfully nurture and protect our brands, particularly Coca-Cola. That is the key to fulfilling our ultimate obligation to provide consistently attractive returns to the owners of our business. Indeed, it was! Coca-cola's mission â€Å"our people and our promise† mainly focuses in Coca-Cola world is to celebrate, refresh, strengthen and protect. Coca-Cola feels that they should offer a soft-drink to the entire global community, which is environmentally safe and accepted. The company's mission is directed towards its soft drink business and the strategy management changes that will be forthcoming. Coca-Cola appeals to the long term interests of stakeholders particularly shareowners, employees and customers. This helps to support the local populations by offering job opportunities, and it also helps out the local and global economies in which the employees live. Woodruff's vision that coca-cola to be placed within â€Å"arm's reach of desire† came true from the mid 1940s until 1960, the number of countries with bottling operations nearly doubled. It is so feasible that the company can reasonably expect to achieve in due time. Coca-Cola strives to find new innovations to better its products and to stay a step ahead of its competitors as what is mentioned in the mission â€Å"the action we will take†. This is a key element in the company's drive to be number one in the industry. Also it is constantly looking for improvements in everything that it does, both in the production and the manner in which the company is run daily. Goals â€Å"That combination infuses all the elements of the strategy that we are implementing to deliver value to our share owners in the year to come, and well into the future: a) Accelerate carbonated soft-drink growth, led by Coca-Cola; b) Selectively broaden our family of beverage brands to drive profitable growth; c) Grow system profitability and capability together with our bottling partners; ) Serve customers with creativity and consistency to generate growth across all channels; e) Direct investments to highest potential areas across markets; and f) Drive efficiency and cost-effectiveness everywhere. † The Competitive Advantage of Coca-Cola Brands The company's sharp focus on its business also gives it a cost advantage. Although Coke earned less than five cents per 8oz serving last year, it did manage to sell about 380 bil lion servings! That kind of volume has advantages. The Coca-Cola Company has invested in building its trademark for over 113 years. Consumers worldwide recognize the Coca-Cola trademark and icons as symbols of quality and refreshment. Because Coca-Cola is the â€Å"ideal† soft drink that sets the benchmark for consumers' expectations, businesses that display and associate with the trademark immediately signal that they are committed to serving the most preferred soft drinks in the industry. The advantages of coca cola in adopting globalization trends are first of all with the economic scale that is bigger (talking about the whole entire world instead of one country, as mass marketing) it help coca cola to actually reduce the cost of producing adjusting to the country where the product is manufactured and price (cutting the cost of transportation, export and import cost as well as tax). It also helps coca cola to gain competitive advantages of a high quality product. The localize system or management help the company to expand the local network with the value creation functions and also established in low c ost markets, instead of the country of origins. They also can have a tight bound of long term contract with the low cost supplier in each country. Five Forces Analysis Today, soft drink industry is a very competitive industry to be in. Porter's five forces model shows us that there is already a strong barrier to entry established by the traditional concentrate producers such as Coca-Cola, suppliers' bargaining power is strong, buyers' power is weak, substitutes for beverage products are easy to produce, and the intensity of rivalry is strong since the industry is already facing a slow growth and high industry concentration. †¢ Suppliers' Bargaining Power Suppliers' bargaining power in this beverage industry is strong. For example, the soft drink ingredient producer – NutraSweet who specializes in producing concentrate sweeteners. Since there is a rising concern in health and safety issues in the soft drink drinking within the consumer market, the healthier sweetener, aspartame, that NutraSweet markets allowed it to have a high impact and input on costs of each bottler's product costs. Since NutraSweet was the only marketer that marketed the standard aspartame the costs of using NutraSweet's aspartame is relatively high compare to other substitutes such as sugar. Buyers' Bargaining Power The Buyers of the soft drink industry are the concentrate bottlers. Bottlers of the soft drink industry have a low bargaining power since they form the largest base (the greatest number) of all the elements of Porter's five forces. Most of the bottlers are Coca-Cola owned before 1980, and almost all of them are under some sort of contractual agreement stating that bottlers must accommodate the programs set u p by the concentrate producers' for the products that they have franchised. High fees are required of the bottlers re such as high start-up costs ranging from $100,000 to several million dollars, paying for two-third of promotional costs, while costs were typically split fifty/fifty for doing consumer promotion and trade. It is also hard for bottlers to identify their own brand identity since their products are made of concentrates and the names that they use are the names of the concentrate manufacturer . Coca-Cola, hence discouraging their own product differentiation. †¢ Rivalry Among Competing Sellers There is a strong barrier setup by the traditional concentrate producers. For new rivalry to enter into the market is extremely difficult since the two soft drink giants such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola have already created a soft drink tradition and branding. Also since the soft drink giants have already created their bottler network and also owned majority of them, it is even harder for new entrants to be gain an absolute cost and competitive advantage. Governmental policies also create obstacles to the new entrants in the cola industry since the word â€Å"Coke† is strictly mean Coca-cola. Current rivalry within the soft drink industry is mainly evolved around the two giants who are Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. The two giants owned most of the spacing for the vending machines, developed most the flavors for the popular products within the market, and occupied most of the soft drink market shares within the industry. They are able to utilize and plane well ahead of other smaller companies within the industry. Other smaller firms are mainly there for competition between the two firms. One example would be PepsiCo's purchase of Seven-Up's to expand its product line. Once Coca-Cola is aware of PepsiCo's expansion, readily they are also willing to purchase Dr Pepper. However since the buyout of Seven-Up's domestic operations was blocked by the Federal Trade, Coca- Cola also dropped its pursuit on Dr Pepper. In the current soft drink industry, there is a constant battle between Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. †¢ Substitute Products Threats of substitutes are high since soft drink industry is a highly unstable industry. Switching costs for the consumers are extremely low since the pricing of soft drinks is cheap and consumer's taste is ever changing. There is no tradeoff for the consumers to switch to other products so it is easy for consumers to change their loyalties. One example would be the Pepsi Challenge rose by PepsiCo over the states. The challenged had blinded people over the states tasted different brands of soft drinks and found out that majority of them liked Pepsi over Coke, thus PepsiCo's Pepsi-Cola was able to gain market share and attracted a larger market share. †¢ Potential New Entrants The soft drink industry is an extremely difficult industry to get into. The existing soft drink industry is already dominated by experienced dominant players with over century-long experience, new entrants would have to be truly unique to be able to gain an absolute competitive advantage within this industry. If their products are unique, they would not have to worry about the fear of product substitution. Once the new entrants have gained an absolute advantage within the industry, they would have to deal with the suppliers who may have a strong bargaining power over pricing on the ingredients they need. Apart from that, they would need buyers, which are bottlers in this case. Once they have a base of bottlers with them, then only they have a chance of success in this industry. Intensity of the Competitive Forces Coca-Cola created a very strong barrier to entry for its competitors. New entry into the market is extremely difficult. The two soft drink giants, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo controlled the whole market. In addition, Coca-Cola has already created its bottler network and also owned majority of them, it is even harder for new entrants to gain an absolute cost and competitive advantage. The threats of substitutes are high since soft drink industry is a highly unstable industry. Switching costs for the consumers are extremely low and there is no trade-off for the consumers to switch to other products so it is easy for consumers to change their loyalties. Generic Business Strategy In order to gain competitive edge in the consumer market, other than responding quickly to the external forces and its internal environment, Coca-cola also looks into its position within the industry. The generic competitive strategies pursued by Coca-Cola are: Low Cost Strategy & Broad Differentiation Strategy Coca-Cola is seen to have employed these two competitive strategies: Focused Low Cost and Broad Differentiation. The company has chosen to serve the consumer drink market and achieved cost savings by means of: ) Achieving economies of scale in the mass production of all Coca-Cola products lowers its unit cost. ii) Long learning, knowledge and experience in production and process, as the company existed more than a century. iii) Efficiency and effectiveness in manufacturing and distribution network. iv) Sharing of research and development, advertising and promotions cost among the brands carried by Coca-Cola has enabled to achieve economies of scope. C oca-Cola uses Broad Differentiation strategy on the basis of: i) Offering of wide range of its drink products . round 230 brands are currently being offered in the global market. ii) High brand image and recognition have resulted in superior product perception among consumers. iii) Packaging and bottling . The use of contoured shape bottle and the slim curly font have made Coca-Cola an easily recognized symbol. Conclusion Nowadays, Coca-Cola is not just a brand. It’s already a part of people’s life. It leads carbonated soft-drink industry growth. The company is monopolize the beverage market over a century. However, People are becoming increasingly health conscious, this has led to a decrease in the consumption of soft drink. It is the big challenge for coca-cola company in the future. References 1. ^ â€Å"Board of Directors Elects Muhtar Kent Chairman†. The Coca-Cola Company. April 23, 2009. http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/presscenter/nr_20090423_muhtar_kent. html. Retrieved 2009-05-02. 2. ^ Coca-Cola Products: New Coca-Cola Products, Brands of Beverages & More 3. ^ â€Å"2009 Form 10-K Annual Report†. Form 10-K. The Coca-Cola Company. 2009. http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/form_10K_2008. html. Retrieved 2009-08-31. 4. Cola Wars : Five Forces  Analysis October 18, 2007

Fire and Its Social and Economical Problem

Fire has been called the foundation of human civilization. Fire provides warmth and heat, protecting us from the ravages of the elements . Fire gives us light to see in the dark and to signal other people who may be looking for us. Its light also tends to keep predatory animals away. Fire enables cooking, which improves the taste of many foods and helps eliminate harmful bacteria. In extreme situations, fire can be used as a weapon, brandished against wild animals or others who intend us harm. Fire plays an important role in various aspects of the Hindu Tradition. It is both the creator and destroyed of life. Uncontrolled and misuse of fire can cause tremendous adverse impacts on the environment and the human society. Forest fire is a major cause of degradation of India’s forests. Some common causes of fire in the houses are kitchen stoves, electric blankets, faulty wiring, clothes dryers, lighting, LPG, candles, crackers, flammable liquids etc. The potential for fire is present in any workplace. But, if you’re aware of the causes and conditions, if you’re prepared, and if you think before you act, the risk of a workplace fire and its damaging effects – on you, your co-workers or your company – can be minimized. Fire extinguishers are a critical component of saving property and lives in the case of a fire emergency. Ensure that fire protection equipment (i. e. , sprinklers, smoke/heat detectors, alarms, fire hoses, fire extinguishers, and fire blankets) are maintained, available for use, and not impaired or concealed. Make sure fire extinguishers correspond to the potential risk. Know where they’re located and how to use them. Good housekeeping practices and fire fighting training are the crucial to fire prevention. Ultimately it is the extra economic burden on the society.

Raj Ram Mohan Roy vs.Dayanand essays

Raj Ram Mohan Roy vs.Dayanand essays Raja Ram Mohan Roy vs. Swami Dayanand Saraswati Hindu Renaissance, which is referred to as a religious and political movement, is closely related to a burgeoning Indian Nationalism. Hindu revivalism is of vital importance in the development of Hinduism as a world religion. The Hindu Renaissance had a tendency to play down the difference between theological traditions and to regulate ritual level, below the ethical spirituality of the Upanishads and the Gita. Hindu reform movement developed to restore the perceived greatness of Hinduisms ancient past, to adopt rationalist elements form within Christianity, and to pay particular attention to social and ethical concerns. The leaders of Hindu renaissance like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Dayanand Saraswati played an important role in the awakening of social and religious reforms. Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833) was born of a distinguished Brahmin family in Bengal. He was educated at the Muslim University at Patna where he studied Arabic and Persian philosophical literature. He also studied Sanskrit in Varanasi, as well as English, Hebrew and Greek with a view to translating Bible into Bengali. Because of the Muslim influence, particularly Sufi, Roy was a strong dislike of image worship. After liberal education Roy entered the service of East India Company and rose to high office. Dayanand Saraswati (1824-1883) was born in Saurashtra in Gujarat to a Saiva Brahman family. He lost his faith in the Saiva religion of image worship, when he saw mice climbing over the temple icon, eating the food which had been offered to the deity. Roy was a more influenced by the Islamic and Christian cultures. He opposed Sanskrit education and considered it as a waste of resources. He promoted English and Science education. While Dayanand Saraswati supported Sanskrit education as the symbol of Indias great past and Hindi education as the symbol of nationalism. The main philosophical influences ...

Human Resources Labor Relations, Employee Relations, and Global HR Essay

Human Resources Labor Relations, Employee Relations, and Global HR - Essay Example The preliminary survey result will then be collated and submitted to the management which will include my professional evaluation and recommendation focusing on the major issues that the employees are facing and probable bargaining solutions as deemed appropriate. Informal recorded meetings will also be held with the union members prior to the actual negotiation so that preliminary solutions can be drafted. This way, the management will be prepared and the employees' side will also be fairly represented. This is a very important task of a supervisor because the absence of safety regulations in a manufacturing firm could mean not just loss of assets or income but employees' lives as well. The first thing that I would do is form a committee that would plan and come up with safety standards. This will include experts on the machines or equipment that are being used, operators, engineers, electricians, production managers, and maintenance personnel. The first task for this committee is to gather essential information on the machines being used focusing on the risks or possible hazards that these will cause. After gathering adequate information, general guidelines will be established. Operators and maintenance personnel will be required to keep a logbook regarding the machine usage and maintenance frequency and requirements. The information will be used to re-assess the guidelines and to come up with specific policies. A module will be developed with the help and supervision of machine e xperts and this module will be used to train all the employees working in the manufacturing plant. Everybody should be aware of proper ways to do their jobs and to ensure their safety. Periodic training should be given so that employees' competency will be assured. As the supervisor, I should also make sure that resources will be allocated properly and that the employees will be provided with complete uniform and safety gears and wearing of these will be strictly implemented. Aside from training and provision of resources, the committee will be tasked to continuously monitor and to submit regular reports about the over-all condition on the plant floor. Individual safety handbooks and general policies and procedures will be provided and safety reminders will be posted wherever appropriate. Last but not the least, formal and informal means of airing out complaints and opinions will be established and in case of accidents, everybody will be made aware of what to do and who to call. Thi s way, the employees in the manufacturing plant will have a sense of security and confidence that they know the risks involved and are prepared for possible incidents in the plant. Scenario Three: One of your plant managers will be sent to your sister company in Bulgaria for a period of three years. Write an expatriation and repatriation plan for this employee. The expatriation plan will be divided into three: Base salary, benefits, and incentives. The base salary for the plant manager to Bulgaria will be equivalent to what he or she is

Careers in Math Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Careers in Math - Essay Example This change in gas prices has been attributed to many things, including the war in Iraq, and Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. This is a real life example of the pre-calculus concept of functions. The problems with modeling this situation are obvious. There are so many factors that could be involved it is difficult to tell which is the actual cause of the change, and then there is the difficulty with the rate of change. Finally, there is the pesky problem of the spot price and the difficulties with assessing how spot prices affect retail prices. Retail prices usually follow the spot price shifts, but they sometimes lag behind (This Week in Petroleum 2005). These are the sorts of issues that must be analyzed and solved by mathematicians working out in the real world. One person who designs and runs numerous mathematical models for decision making purposes is Amanda Peterson, who works in the Operations Research department of the Dynamic Research Corporation. Often, decision problems can be solved using mathematical equations, but there are "cases when the situation is too detailed for a math model alone or the customer prefers a more visual product" (MAA Online 2005). Then she writes a computer program called a simulation model to simulate the different aspects of the problem. Decision makers can use this model to test different scenarios.

Women and Economics during Colonial America and Before and After Essay

Women and Economics during Colonial America and Before and After American Revolution - Essay Example Women in colonial America were suffering tremendously. In the simplest of words, women in early America worked as caretakers of the family, workers in the house and responsible of creating and looking after the home: homemakers. They were not allowed to vote and had little or no chance of attaining an education. Often these women included "indentured servants", these were the migrants who had been allowed a passage into the American colonies. They were forced to work without pay until their contracts, with the individual who paid for their entry, expired. Thus, most of the woman's role was centered at home. If the husband was a farmer or owner of a plantation she could work alongside him on the land. As most of the woman's job centered on child-birth a large amount of her time would be spent in taking care of the children. This included cooking. She had to tend to her own animals, grow her own fruit and vegetables and cook with the limited resources provided by the male member of the house. Candles, soap thread, cloth and clothing (WE)1 were a luxury that had to be produced by the woman herself. Even the most affluent of families had women involved in acts like taking care of the house and cooking for the family. For instance, the characteristics of the society in New York were different to that of other colonies. It consisted of what appears to be a "feudal lord" of today. However, even these women had little to do but sit and sew or knit. She had to tend to her own animals, grow her own fruit and vegetables and cook with the limited resources provided by the male member of the house. Candles, soap thread, cloth and clothing (WE)2 were a luxury that had to be produced by the woman herself. The worse bit of American colonization came during the witch-hunts. The aggrieved Christian colonists needed a reason to explain their defeat at the hands of the "heathen" Indians. Women were the perfect victims to take the blame. In a conservative culture where women had a set and fixed role in the household and society, it was unacceptable for women to break the norms. Thus, if any woman dared to venture outside her prescribed role, the immediate consequence in that time was to blame her alien behavior on mysterious causes: witch-craft. (WE)3 . Despite the limited education, a desire to satisfy physical needs made women proficient at running economically sound households. Women understood the concept of maintaining healthy networks with other females. They adopted the concept of barter with fellow neighbors, friends and relatives. As mentioned previously, women were not educated thus the best teachers were the ones who had served the role of wife themselves. These women taught their own daughters and often took in other young girl students who managed the house in exchange for the skills they performed during this practice. The only job acceptable to women of that time was that of midwife. Though a number of women died in child-birth because very few females had the professional skills needed to carry out proper birth. This occupation was held in the highest respect. The payment was generally in the form of

Literacy in America Essay Example for Free

Literacy in America Essay America, the most technologically advanced and affluent of all nations on the earth, seems to have an increasingly larger illiteracy rate every year. This has become and continues to be a critical problem throughout our society as we know it. According to the National Adult Literacy survey, 42 million adult Americans cant read; 50 million are limited to a 4th or 5th grade reading level; one in every four teenagers drops out of high school, and of the students who graduate, one in every four has around an 8th grade education. Why? You ask. This problem will never fix itself and will take quite a bit of time to overcome. We need to make sure that everyone is aware of the social problems, poverty and lack of family interaction that occurs everyday in many, if not all, communities throughout America. â€Å"Nearly a billion people, two-thirds of them women, will enter this world unable to read a book or write their names, warns UNICEF in a new report, The State of the Worlds Children 1999. UNICEF, the United Nations Childrens Fund, points out that the illiterate live in more desperate poverty and poorer health than those who can read and write. (Boaz). The most important factor that contributes to the outrageous statistics of illiteracy is that of poverty. Poverty is an issue that more and more of our nations children are coming face to face with and the price they must pay is unbelievably high. Poverty is considered a major at-risk factor (Leroy 2001). The term at-risk refers to children who are likely to fail whether it 2 be at school or life in general because of their lifes social circumstances. Some of the factors that may place these children at-risk are: dangerous neighborhoods; young, uneducated parents; unemployment; and inadequate educational experiences. Teachers need to be aware of the circumstances that their students face and be able and ready to help these children find a balance between the cultural values that they may have and values emphasized in school. By providing emotional support, modeling, and other forms of scaffolding, teachers can help students use their strengths, skills, and knowledge to develop and learn ( Marlowe and Page,9). The United States prides itself on being a free, democratic state. Jonathan Kozol’s essay â€Å"The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society† states that the United States is not the democracy it claims to be. For democracy to work at its best, a true representation of the common interests and how the majority feels about those interests must be in place. According to Kozol, about â€Å"60 million people in the United States are illiterate. † For the United States to be the self-functioning democratic state it proclaims to be, it has to be a literate society. The people of the United States are not part of a democracy without the full capacity to make informed choices, and furthermore cannot reap the benefits that a democratic society has to offer if the best interests of the majority are not represented. Direct quote #2 (Madison)with signal phrase. Hypo-thetical example James Madison wrote that a â€Å"people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the power knowledge gives. A popular government without popular information or the means of acquiring it is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps both† (Surowiecki, page 4). Voting is by far the most important aspect of a democratic society, and the percentage of people who do vote is a topic of much discussion here in the United States. If the number of people not voting is such a significant concern then the reasons they are not voting is 3 as well. An uneducated vote is not any better than a vote not cast at all. Imagine going to a voting booth and voting for a person or a ballot measure based on the ads you see on the TV only. In this circumstance, decisions are often made based on the negative ideas offered by both major political parties. If 60 million people in the United States cannot read, then they cannot cast a vote truly representative of their opinions. As Kozol claims, the United States has in fact become a government â€Å"of those two thirds whose wealth, skin color, or parental privilege allows them opportunity to profit from the provocation and instruction of the written word† (Kozol). The percentage of the population that is illiterate cannot choose which candidates make it onto the ballots, they cannot sign petitions, and they cannot choose which measures will pass or those that will fail. Direct quote #3 (Kozal), with signal phrase e. Of equal importance to a democratic society are the benefits that literacy provides to the public. When one is illiterate they are not able to reap the benefits of a free society. The freedom to choose enhances one’s chances of experiencing the best of anything. Illiteracy makes for a life of settling. An illiterate person has to settle for another’s interpretations of the world. According to the article ‘Democracy 101,† the ability to read opens a world that many people do not consider. The choice of where to live, what to eat, and where to work may all seem commonplace to the average literate person. Kozol uses the warning on a can of Drano in the opening of this essay to educate. It may take a moment for it to sink in but the reader will soon realize how much power reading and writing holds. Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness are supposed to be guaranteed to all citizens of this country. Those that cannot read or write do not have the capability to choose who are the best people suited for ensuring those rights. Perhaps more importantly the 60 million illiterate people in this country cannot make the choices necessary to make use of those rights (Kozol). References Boaz, David. Illiteracy The Bad News and the Good. Cato Institute. 20 Jan. 1999. Kim, J. K. NRRF Illiteracy: An Incurable Disease or Education Malpractice? Kozol, Jonathan, Illiteracy: The Enduring Problem. . Leroy. The Effects of Poverty on Teaching and Learning. 2001 Surowiecki, James. The Dangers of Financial Illiteracy in America. The New Yorker.

Strategies for an Inclusive Classroom Setting

Strategies for an Inclusive Classroom Setting Robyn Clark Contents Introduction Explanation of key terms Literature Study Gender Roles Cultural and Racial Identity Example of cChecklist Written Report on findingsFindings School A School B Suggestions Resources Introduction Explanation of key terms Anti-bias Oxford Dictionary gives the definition of bias as â€Å"[the] inclination or prejudice for or against one person or group, especially in a way considered to be unfair†. Thus, anti-bias is an approach implemented to ensure that bias does not occur in any context in the classroom environment. â€Å"In an anti-bias classroom, children learn to be proud of themselves and of their families, to respect human differences, to recognize bias, and to speak up for what is right† (Derman-Sparks Edwards, 2010: 5) Identification According to Gestwicki (2014:261) identification is the process of imitating or adopting ideas of admired individuals. Diversity Diversity refers to a range of different things. In the context of this paper, it refers to differences in the following aspects cultures, learners, learner’s backgrounds, languages and ability groups. Multi-cultural Multi-cultural education is an adaptive process that incorporates Education the idea that all learners have equal opportunities in school, regardless of their gender, sexual orientation, social class, and ethnic, racial or cultural characteristics (Banks, 2013: 1) Gender Identity Awareness of gender in biological terms that an individual is either male or female Prejudice Prejudice is defined as a â€Å"judgement or opinion, against or in favour of a person or thing formed beforehand or without due examination of the facts† (Lemmer, Meier van Wyk, 2012: 31). Stereotypes According to Oxford Dictionary, a stereotype is defined as a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. A stereotype is when one creates â€Å"mental cages in order to place people items or events into conceptually specified groups† (Lemmer, Meier van Wyk, 2012) Culture Culture is a multi-faceted concept, composed of many interrelated aspects, all of which have an influence on the teaching and learning process. According to Coetzee, van Niekerk Wydeman (2008) cultures are processes of social and human interactions; embrace a body of knowledge; dynamic, creative and continuous processes; continuously modified over time and every culture has its own system of values, beliefs, norms and attitudes. Race Race refers to a group of people who are grouped together or classified according to a common physical characteristic, such as the colour of their skin. Racial / Cultural Identity Understanding of one’s racial or ethnic understanding (Gestwicki, 2014: 262) Literature Study An anti-bias approach to education aims at developing a sense of self-awareness in each individual, fostering a sense of appreciation, tolerance and understanding for the differences between children and cultures, and highlighting the similarities between them. Instilling an anti-bias approach is particularly important in Early Childhood Development. There are four core goals of anti-bias education, namely; children demonstrate self-awareness, confidence, family pride, and positive social identities; each child expresses comfort and joy with human diversity and is able to use accurate language to describe human differences as well as form deep human connections; children increasingly recognize unfairness and are able to describe unfairness, understanding that unfairness hurts; and children will demonstrate empowerment and the skills to act, with others or alone, against prejudice and/or discriminatory actions (Derman-Sparks Edwards, 2010). Anti-bias includes bias relating to gender, race, culture, religion, disability, age and language. This approach aims at incorporating different cultures fully into the environment in an inclusive, integrated and on-going process, avoiding superficial representations, isolated and trivial representations., and patronizing events (Gordon Browne, 2014:259). Children as young as two years old begin to notice differences in race and gender, as well as form categories and classifications about the world, and people, around them (Gordon Browne, 2014 : 258). During their early years, children begin to develop socially and emotionally. Identification, the process in which a child imitates an admired individual in their environment, takes place during these formative years, and is a key step in a child’s development, particularly pertaining to personality and social development. According to Gestwicki (2014: 261) the identification process is related to issues of acquiring gender or sex-role identities, acquiring cultural or racial identities as well as developing a sense of self-confidence and personal competence. For optimal learning, children derive meaning from what is being taught by connecting the new knowledge with what they already know. Thus it is crucial that each child’s own cultural or family reference is reflected in their learning environment. A child’s experiences â€Å"are embedded in the social exchange within their own cultural groups and their frame of reference, which reflect[s] the shared meanings and experiences of those groups† (Meier Marais, 2012:130) Gender Roles During their Early Childhood years, children begin to form their gender identities. A gender identity is composed of two different aspects; an awareness of sexual identity, such as whether they are male or female biologically, and an awareness of sex-role behaviour. Sex-role behaviour, often determined by the culture, is the different roles and behaviours of the two genders. A child seeks to understand what being male or female means, and learns about the different roles through observation and asking questions. Before the age of four, children often engage in gender neutral games, wherein boys and girls play together comfortably. Thereafter, children tend toward gender-specific forms of play, and choose to play with children of the same sex (Gestwicki, 2014:261). Children learn about their gender roles through observation and imitation of those in their immediate environment. Thus parents and teachers, and the way in which they encourage gender roles and model specific gender charac teristics and behaviour also have a profound influence on the child’s gender role perceptions. Their perceptions of gender role are also influenced by the media, and stereotyping in their immediate surroundings and society. In order to steer clear of gender stereotyping in the classroom, teachers need to be mindful of their words and actions in the class that could be perpetuating gender stereotypes (Gordon Browne, 2014:124). In a predominantly female environment, such as early childhood education programmes, one needs to aware of the behaviour they model, and ensure that the environment, materials, examples used, as well as expected behaviour are fair and non-bias, and cater to boys too. Although there are developmental differences between the genders, in the rate of maturity, as well as the rate of physical growth, there are â€Å"no significant differences between girls and boys intelligence and reasoning behaviour† (Gordon Browne, 2014: 124). Consequently, teache rs should not hold unequal expectations for the genders, as this inhibits the child’s ability to reach their full potential (Meier Marais, 2012: 139). In order to avoid gender based bias, teachers need to be actively involved in self-reflection and be engaged in a constant state of awareness of their expectations and the behaviour they are emulating, and the effect these expectations and behaviours have on a child’s growth and development. During a child’s formative years, the child is in the process of forming a healthy gender identity, and the teacher is actively involved in aiding in this development. According to Gestwicki (2014:274) teachers facilitate this development when they answer child’s questions about their bodies and themselves in a factual manner. Teachers also offer experiences and scenarios that challenge stereotypes of gender behaviour as well as organise the children’s environments to encourage cross-gender play. Teachers should also be mindful of language and images in books, and teaching materials, to ensure diversity in work and home life is portrayed. It is also essential that teac hers work closely with learner’s families, and are aware of the possible cultural influences that could influence a parents views on non-traditional gender roles. It is important to maintain open communication to avoid tension, and to better understand and be respectful of the child as well as their family and background. One also needs to be actively challenging child’s stereotypical words or actions, and â€Å"[t]eachers [RC1]intervene with immediate and follow-up activities to counter [the] cumulative, hurtful effects of these messages† (Derman-Sparks Edwards, 2010). A healthy gender identity is very important to a child’s development, and it is during their formative years that this identify is formed and moulded. It is the teacher’s ethical responsibility to provide an environment and classroom-culture that is free from bias and stereotypes. The teacher should be actively trying to eliminate bias, and to intervene when children use actions or comments that are stereotypes or bias. It is important that a teacher remain mindful of their own perceptions of gender roles and actively model behaviour and language that is free from bias and stereotypes. Cultural and Racial Identity Creating an anti-bias environment that conveys a genuine respect for all diversity fosters positive attitudes towards cultural and racial identities. It is crucial that the core aims of an anti-bias approach (Derman-Sparks Edwards, 2010) are achieved, and the structures and processes are in place to effectively achieve these aims. South Africa is a multi-faceted and diverse country, with multiple different cultures and races. Diversity however â€Å"not only constitutes groups such as ethnic, race, language and religious groups† (Lemmer, Meier van Wyk, 2012: 19) but also the range of personal differences between the individuals within the different ethnic groupings. In the classroom setting, each teacher and child is a unique individual, with unique and â€Å"distinct set of beliefs, values and attitudes to form a complex and unique classroom culture† (du Plessis, Conley du Plessis, 2007). Culture is a complex human phenomenon, and in the multi-cultural education per spective, â€Å"culture can be viewed as a composite of significant and interrelated aspects, all of which have specific significance for the teaching-learning process† (Coeetzee, van Niekerk Wydeman, 2008:117). Unfortunately there are learners that enter the class with preconceived prejudices that they have picked up from their home environment or immediate surroundings. According to the SAHRC report of racism in schools, â€Å"[l][RC2]earners approach schools with the prejudice imbued in their home environments† and it is necessary to â€Å"transform the minds of learners†. It is not only parents attitudes that instil a sense of prejudice in young children’s lives; other sources include â€Å"school, classmates, siblings and the media† (Lemmer, Weier van Wyk, 2012:32). As some children are entering the classroom with prejudices, it is essential that the teacher is proactive and actively deals with those prejudices and stereotypes as and when they arise. It is important that the teacher acknowledges and respects the different cultures in their class, and ensures that this respect is incorporated in all aspects of the daily programme. It is the teacher’s r esponsibility to ensure that the all interactions, materials and experiences convey respect for all people. It is important to bear in mind that education is a â€Å"powerful agent of cultural transmission and preservation† (Coeetzee, van Niekerk Wydeman, 2008:118). According to Gestwicki (2014: 277) teachers must be aware of what is included or excluded in the classroom environment, as this is a clear reflection of what is valued by the educational institution and teachers. A lack of respect for the varying cultures in the class, or a serious cultural alienation could lead to cultural isolation, cultural erosion, learning problems, behaviour problems, conflict and communication problems (du Plessis, Conley du Plessis, 2007:152). Young children are aware of cultural and racial differences, and their perceptions of these differences and different cultures are developed and moulded during their pre-school years. According to Gestwicki (2014: 262) children, by the age of four, are aware of their racial or cultural identity and have absorbed attitudes, negative and positive, towards their own and other’s identities. Thus it is crucial that young children are taught to respect one another’s differences, enjoy and cherish human diversity, as well as use accurate and non-bias or stereotypical language for human differences (Derman-Sparks Edwards, 2010). Although differences between individuals and cultures are discussed, the similarities between them are also emphasised and celebrated. Children learn to identify with one another through their similarities and to respect their differences. Teachers should create a classroom environment that will â€Å"allow optimal learning in a climate of safety, car e and acceptance† (Coeetzee, van Niekerk Wydeman, 2008:119). Children feel accepted in a classroom community when they see themselves, their families and their cultural background reflected in every aspect of their school day. â€Å"All children and families have a sense of belonging and experience affirmation of their identities and cultural ways of being† (Derman- Sparks, 2010) To ensure anti-bias in their classrooms, and to make sure that their class and curriculum reflects the plurality of their contemporary society, teachers must ensure that all pictures and books realistically portray the diversity in the class, and give a realistic and well-rounded view of different cultures, avoiding stereotypes and over simplification (Gestwicki, 2014:276). They should endeavour to provide toys, materials and activities throughout the class that children can identify with, that represent their various families as well as the â€Å"major groups in the community and nation† (Gestwicki,2014:278). Content about different ethnic groups should to fully integrated into the curriculum, and should occur regularly and naturally, not as an appendage to the curriculum. Different cultures should be discussed in depth and holistically, and teachers should maintain open and constant communication with parents and families to ensure that they too fully understand the children ’s backgrounds in their class. Parents should be fully involved, and invited to school regularly to share songs, stories or traditions of their cultural and language background (Gestwicki, 2014:278). Language Religion Disablity Language Example of checklist Facility: _________________________________________ Address: ________________________________________ Manager: ________________________________________ Telephone Number: _______________________________ SECTION A SECTION B Interview questions Interviewee: ______________________________Interviewer: ____________________ Position: _________________________________Time: _________________________ How does your selection process work? What process do you use to divide your classes? Collectively, do your staff speak / understand a range of South African languages? What is your school’s language policy? How do you ensure each child’s unique family is reflected in the classroom? Do you consider your facility open and non-bias towards all families? Including gay-lesbian families, single parents, cross-cultural families and adoptive families? How does your curriculum reflect the diverse nature of our society? How do you communicate with the learners families? What is your policy regarding learners with physical disabilities? How do you deal with different religious holidays? Do you do Bible stories in your Morning Ring? Are the meals you prepare catered to all religions / cultures? Do you cater for gender differences in your educational activities and art activities? How do you deal with bias, racism or stereotypes in the classroom or on the playground? Do you consider your facility to be anti-bias? Participants Name: ________________________Signature_________________Date: __________ Name: ________________________Signature_________________Date: __________ Name: ________________________Signature_________________Date: __________ Written Report on findings School A School B Suggestions Resources Banks, J. A. 2013. An Introduction to Multicultural Education. 5th Edition. Pearson: New Jersey Coetzee SA, Van Niekerk EJ Wydeman JL. 2008. An Educators Guide to Effective Classroom Management. First Edition. Van Shaik: Pretoria Deiner, P. L. 2010. Inclusive Early Childhood Education: Development, Resources Practice. 5th Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning Derman-Sparks, L Edwards, J. 2010. Anti-Bias Education for Young Children and Ourselves. National Association for the Education of Young Children. Washington, DC. Du Plessis, P; Conley, L du Plessis E. 2007. Teaching and Learning in South African Schools. First Edition. Van Shaik: Pretoria Gestwicki, C. Developmentally Appropriate Practice : Curriculum and Development in Early Education. 5th Edition, International Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning Gordon, AM and Browne, KW. 2014. Beginnings and Beyond. Foundations in Early Childhood Education. 9th Edition. Boston: Ally Bacon Lemmer, E. M; Meier, C van Wyk, J.N. 2012. Multicultural Education: A manual for the South African teacher. Second Edition. Van Shaik: Pretoria Meier C Marais P. 2012. Educational Management in Early Childhood Development. Second Edition. Van Shaik: Pretoria Mittler, P. 2000. Working Towards Inclusive Education: Social Contexts. First Edition. David Fulton Publishers: 2000 Recchia, S.L Lee, Y. 2013. Inclusion in the Early Childhood Classroom: What Makes a Difference? First Edition. Teachers College Press: New York Vally, S Dalamba, Y. 1999. Racism, racial integration and desegregation in South African public secondary schools. A report on the study by South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC). Johannesburg: SAHRC Department of Education (2011). Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement Grades R-3 English Home Language. Pretoria: Department of Basic Education Department of Education, National Protocol for Assessment, Gr R -12 (CAPS). Pretoria: Department of Basic Education [RC1] [RC2]?